Languages:
Most languages in Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. The Indo-European language family is divided into branches, Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, and Greek. Romance languages include Aragonese, Asturian, Catalan, Corsican, Franco-Provencal, French, Galician, Italian, Latin, Leonese, Ligurian, Mirandese, Norman, Occitan, Picard, Piedmontese, Western Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sardinian, Sicilian, and Spanish. The Germanic branch is divided into two groups, West Germanic and North Germanic. West Germanic includes Anglo-Frisian, German, and Low Franconian. North Germanic is spoken in Scandinavian countries. Baltic languages are spoken in Latvian and Lithuania, and have dialects of Samogitan and Latgalian. Slavic languages are also divided into three groups, East Slavic, West Slavic, and South Slavic. East Slavic languages consist of Russian, Ukranian, Belarusian, Rusyn, and Pannonian-Rusyn. West Slavic languages are Czech, Kashubian, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. South Slavic languages include Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Old Church Slavonic, Romano-Serbian, Serbian, and Slovene. Albanian languages have two different dialects, Gheg and Tosk. They are spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey, Southern Italy, West Macedonia, and Greece. The Celtic branch is split into two families, the Brythonic family (Welsh) and the Goidelic family (Irish). Greek languages are spoken in Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine, Lebonon, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Turkey. The two dialects of Greek languages are Griko and Tsakonian. There are also Uralic languages such as Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Armenian languages are also found in Europe, these are spoken in Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two groups, Indo-Aryan (Romani) and Iranian (Kurdish, Persian, and Ossetian). Turkic and Mongolic languages are also found in Europe. North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern extremity of Europe. The Basque language of Western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group. Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language statis.
The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of multiple cultures, often competing; geographical regions opposing one another, Orthodoxy as opposed to Catholicism as opposed to Protestantism as opposed to Judaism as opposed to Secularism as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.
Upon the pagan cultures of aboriginal Europe, the foundations of modern European cultures were laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, added to by the rest of Europe, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Judeo-Christian and secular humanism, rational ways of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, fascism, communism, and socialism. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned into "global culture," if anything has to be so named
Most languages in Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. The Indo-European language family is divided into branches, Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, and Greek. Romance languages include Aragonese, Asturian, Catalan, Corsican, Franco-Provencal, French, Galician, Italian, Latin, Leonese, Ligurian, Mirandese, Norman, Occitan, Picard, Piedmontese, Western Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sardinian, Sicilian, and Spanish. The Germanic branch is divided into two groups, West Germanic and North Germanic. West Germanic includes Anglo-Frisian, German, and Low Franconian. North Germanic is spoken in Scandinavian countries. Baltic languages are spoken in Latvian and Lithuania, and have dialects of Samogitan and Latgalian. Slavic languages are also divided into three groups, East Slavic, West Slavic, and South Slavic. East Slavic languages consist of Russian, Ukranian, Belarusian, Rusyn, and Pannonian-Rusyn. West Slavic languages are Czech, Kashubian, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. South Slavic languages include Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Old Church Slavonic, Romano-Serbian, Serbian, and Slovene. Albanian languages have two different dialects, Gheg and Tosk. They are spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey, Southern Italy, West Macedonia, and Greece. The Celtic branch is split into two families, the Brythonic family (Welsh) and the Goidelic family (Irish). Greek languages are spoken in Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine, Lebonon, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Turkey. The two dialects of Greek languages are Griko and Tsakonian. There are also Uralic languages such as Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Armenian languages are also found in Europe, these are spoken in Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two groups, Indo-Aryan (Romani) and Iranian (Kurdish, Persian, and Ossetian). Turkic and Mongolic languages are also found in Europe. North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern extremity of Europe. The Basque language of Western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group. Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language statis.
The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of multiple cultures, often competing; geographical regions opposing one another, Orthodoxy as opposed to Catholicism as opposed to Protestantism as opposed to Judaism as opposed to Secularism as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.
Upon the pagan cultures of aboriginal Europe, the foundations of modern European cultures were laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, added to by the rest of Europe, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Judeo-Christian and secular humanism, rational ways of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, fascism, communism, and socialism. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned into "global culture," if anything has to be so named